Difference between revisions of "Gravel Pit"
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| − | + | {{other uses}} | |
| + | {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2013}} | ||
| + | [[File:Gravel on a beach in Thirasia, Santorini, Greece.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Gravel (largest fragment in this photo is about 4 cm)]] | ||
| + | [[File:Gravel1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A [[gravel road]] in [[Terre Haute, Indiana]]]] | ||
| + | [[File:gravel small.jpg|right|frame|Gravel being unloaded from a [[barge]]]] | ||
| − | The | + | '''Gravel''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|r|æ|v|əl}} is a loose aggregation of rock fragments. Gravel is classified by [[Particle size (grain size)|particle size]] range and includes size classes from [[Granule_(geology)|granule]]- to [[boulder]]-sized fragments. In the [[Udden-Wentworth scale]] gravel is categorized into granular gravel ({{convert|2|to|4|mm|in|abbr=on|disp=or}}) and [[pebble]] gravel ({{convert|4|to|64|mm|in|1|abbr=on|disp=or}}). One cubic metre of gravel typically weighs about 1,800 kg (or a cubic yard weighs about 3,000 pounds). |
| + | |||
| + | Gravel is an important commercial product, with a number of applications. Many [[road]]ways are [[pavement (roads)|surfaced]] with gravel, especially in [[rural]] areas where there is little [[traffic]]. Globally, far more roads are surfaced with gravel than with [[concrete]] or [[tarmac]]; [[Russia]] alone has over {{convert|400000|km|mi|abbr=on}} of [[gravel road]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=1 KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY|url=http://ir.knust.edu.gh/bitstream/123456789/5763/1/BENJAMIN%20GBEVE.pdf|website=1 KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY}}</ref> Both [[sand]] and small gravel are also important for the manufacture of [[concrete]]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Geological formation== | ||
| + | Large gravel deposits are a common geological feature, being formed as a result of the [[weathering]] and [[erosion]] of rocks. The action of rivers and waves tends to pile up gravel in large accumulations. This can sometimes result in gravel becoming compacted and concreted into the [[sedimentary rock]] called [[Conglomerate (geology)|conglomerate]]. Where natural gravel deposits are insufficient for human purposes, gravel is often produced by quarrying and crushing hard-wearing rocks, such as sandstone, limestone, or basalt. Quarries where gravel is extracted are known as gravel pits. Southern England possesses particularly large concentrations of them due to the widespread deposition of gravel in the region during the [[Ice Age]]s. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Modern production=== | ||
| + | As of 2006, the United States is the world's leading producer and consumer of gravel.<ref>[http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/2006/mcs2006.pdf Mineral Commodity Summaries 2006] 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/silica/silica_t11.html Industrial Sand And Gravel (Silica): World Production, By Country] 2009</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Etymology== | ||
| + | The word ''gravel'' comes from the [[Breton language]]. In Breton, "grav" means coast. Adding the "-el" suffix in Breton denotes the component parts of something larger. Thus "gravel" means the small stones which make up such a beach on the coast. Many dictionaries ignore the Breton language, citing [[Old French]] ''gravele''<ref>Collins English Dictionary – Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved 30 August 2012 from CollinsDictionary.com website:http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/gravel</ref> or ''gravelle''.<ref>Gravel, n., ''Oxford English Dictionary'' Second Edition on CD-ROM (v. 4.0) © Oxford University Press 2009</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Gravel often has the meaning a mixture of different size pieces of stone mixed with sand and possibly some clay. In American English, small stones without sand mixed in are known as [[crushed stone]].<ref>"gravel." Noah Webster's 1828 American Dictionary of the English Language. 2015. http://1828.mshaffer.com/d/word/gravel (8 January 2015)</ref><ref>"Gravel, n." def. 1. Whitney, William Dwight. The Century Dictionary; an Encyclopedic Lexicon of the English Language,. Vol. 3. New York: Century, 1889. 2607. Print.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Types== | ||
| + | [[File:Gravel small stones.jpg|thumb|250px|Gravel with stones sized roughly between 5 and 15 mm]] | ||
| + | [[File:Kiesgrube Bernau 2012 - panoramio (7).jpg|thumb|250px|Sand and gravel separator in a gravel pit in [[Brandenburg]] (eastern Germany)]] | ||
| + | Types of gravel include: | ||
| + | |||
| + | * '''Bank gravel''': naturally deposited gravel intermixed with sand or [[clay]] found in and next to rivers and streams. Also known as "bank run" or "river run". | ||
| + | * '''Bench gravel''': a bed of gravel located on the side of a valley above the present stream bottom, indicating the former location of the stream bed when it was at a higher level. | ||
| + | *'''Creek rock or river rock''': this is generally rounded, semi-polished stones, potentially of a wide range of types, that are dredged or scooped from [[stream bed]]s. It is also often used as concrete aggregate and less often as a paving surface. | ||
| + | *'''Crushed stone''': rock crushed and graded by screens and then mixed to a blend of stones and fines. It is widely used as a surfacing for roads and driveways, sometimes with [[tar]] applied over it. Crushed stone may be made from [[granite]], [[limestone]], [[dolostone]], and other rocks. Also known as "crusher run", DGA (dense grade aggregate) QP (quarry process), and shoulder stone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.braenstone.com/crushed-stone/quarry-process-qp-dga/|title=Quarry Process - QP, DGA - NJ, NY, NYC, PA|website=www.braenstone.com}}</ref> | ||
| + | * '''Fine gravel''': gravel consisting of particles with a diameter of 2 to 4 mm. | ||
| + | * '''Lag gravel''': a surface accumulation of coarse gravel produced by the removal of finer particles. | ||
| + | * '''Pay gravel''': also known as "pay dirt"; a nickname for gravel with a high concentration of gold and other precious metals. The metals are recovered through [[gold panning]]. | ||
| + | * '''Pea gravel''': gravel that consists of small, rounded stones used in concrete surfaces. Also used for walkways, driveways and as a substrate in home aquariums. | ||
| + | * '''Piedmont gravel''': a coarse gravel carried down from high places by mountain streams and deposited on relatively flat ground, where the water runs more slowly. | ||
| + | * '''Plateau gravel''': a layer of gravel on a plateau or other region above the height at which stream-terrace gravel is usually found. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Relationship to plant life== | ||
| + | In locales where gravelly soil is predominant, plant life is generally more sparse.<ref>C.Michael Hogan. 2010. [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Abiotic_factor?topic=49461 ''Abiotic factor''. Encyclopedia of Earth. eds Emily Monosson and C. Cleveland. National Council for Science and the Environment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608071757/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Abiotic_factor?topic=49461 |date=8 June 2013 }}. Washington DC</ref> This outcome derives from the inferior ability of gravels to retain moisture, as well as the corresponding paucity of mineral nutrients, since finer soils that contain such minerals are present in smaller amounts. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==See also== | ||
| + | * [[Construction aggregate]] | ||
| + | * [[Pebble]] | ||
| + | * [[Rock (geology)|Rock]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==References== | ||
| + | {{reflist|30em}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==External links== | ||
| + | {{Commonscat-inline|Gravel}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | {{Geotechnical engineering|state=collapsed}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[Category:Sedimentology]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Building stone]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Natural materials]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Pavements]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Gardening aids]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Stone]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Soil-based building materials]] | ||
| − | |||
== Usage in competitive == | == Usage in competitive == | ||
Revision as of 11:22, 10 August 2017
Gravel Pit
Map Information
Map Type:
File Name:
cp_gravelpitVersion:
Official Release
Author:
First Released:
9 October 2007
Last Updated:
9 October 2007
Official Map:
Competitive Information
Game Modes:
League Popularity:
Obsolete
Last Played:
Links
Template:Other uses Template:Use dmy dates
File:Gravel on a beach in Thirasia, Santorini, Greece.jpg
Gravel (largest fragment in this photo is about 4 cm)
File:Gravel small.jpg
Gravel being unloaded from a barge
Gravel Template:IPAc-en is a loose aggregation of rock fragments. Gravel is classified by particle size range and includes size classes from granule- to boulder-sized fragments. In the Udden-Wentworth scale gravel is categorized into granular gravel (Template:Convert) and pebble gravel (Template:Convert). One cubic metre of gravel typically weighs about 1,800 kg (or a cubic yard weighs about 3,000 pounds).
Gravel is an important commercial product, with a number of applications. Many roadways are surfaced with gravel, especially in rural areas where there is little traffic. Globally, far more roads are surfaced with gravel than with concrete or tarmac; Russia alone has over Template:Convert of gravel roads.[1] Both sand and small gravel are also important for the manufacture of concrete.
Contents
Geological formation
Large gravel deposits are a common geological feature, being formed as a result of the weathering and erosion of rocks. The action of rivers and waves tends to pile up gravel in large accumulations. This can sometimes result in gravel becoming compacted and concreted into the sedimentary rock called conglomerate. Where natural gravel deposits are insufficient for human purposes, gravel is often produced by quarrying and crushing hard-wearing rocks, such as sandstone, limestone, or basalt. Quarries where gravel is extracted are known as gravel pits. Southern England possesses particularly large concentrations of them due to the widespread deposition of gravel in the region during the Ice Ages.
Modern production
As of 2006, the United States is the world's leading producer and consumer of gravel.[2][3]
Etymology
The word gravel comes from the Breton language. In Breton, "grav" means coast. Adding the "-el" suffix in Breton denotes the component parts of something larger. Thus "gravel" means the small stones which make up such a beach on the coast. Many dictionaries ignore the Breton language, citing Old French gravele[4] or gravelle.[5]
Gravel often has the meaning a mixture of different size pieces of stone mixed with sand and possibly some clay. In American English, small stones without sand mixed in are known as crushed stone.[6][7]
Types
File:Gravel small stones.jpg
Gravel with stones sized roughly between 5 and 15 mm
File:Kiesgrube Bernau 2012 - panoramio (7).jpg
Sand and gravel separator in a gravel pit in Brandenburg (eastern Germany)
Types of gravel include:
- Bank gravel: naturally deposited gravel intermixed with sand or clay found in and next to rivers and streams. Also known as "bank run" or "river run".
- Bench gravel: a bed of gravel located on the side of a valley above the present stream bottom, indicating the former location of the stream bed when it was at a higher level.
- Creek rock or river rock: this is generally rounded, semi-polished stones, potentially of a wide range of types, that are dredged or scooped from stream beds. It is also often used as concrete aggregate and less often as a paving surface.
- Crushed stone: rock crushed and graded by screens and then mixed to a blend of stones and fines. It is widely used as a surfacing for roads and driveways, sometimes with tar applied over it. Crushed stone may be made from granite, limestone, dolostone, and other rocks. Also known as "crusher run", DGA (dense grade aggregate) QP (quarry process), and shoulder stone.[8]
- Fine gravel: gravel consisting of particles with a diameter of 2 to 4 mm.
- Lag gravel: a surface accumulation of coarse gravel produced by the removal of finer particles.
- Pay gravel: also known as "pay dirt"; a nickname for gravel with a high concentration of gold and other precious metals. The metals are recovered through gold panning.
- Pea gravel: gravel that consists of small, rounded stones used in concrete surfaces. Also used for walkways, driveways and as a substrate in home aquariums.
- Piedmont gravel: a coarse gravel carried down from high places by mountain streams and deposited on relatively flat ground, where the water runs more slowly.
- Plateau gravel: a layer of gravel on a plateau or other region above the height at which stream-terrace gravel is usually found.
Relationship to plant life
In locales where gravelly soil is predominant, plant life is generally more sparse.[9] This outcome derives from the inferior ability of gravels to retain moisture, as well as the corresponding paucity of mineral nutrients, since finer soils that contain such minerals are present in smaller amounts.
See also
References
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Mineral Commodity Summaries 2006 2009
- ↑ Industrial Sand And Gravel (Silica): World Production, By Country 2009
- ↑ Collins English Dictionary – Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved 30 August 2012 from CollinsDictionary.com website:http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/gravel
- ↑ Gravel, n., Oxford English Dictionary Second Edition on CD-ROM (v. 4.0) © Oxford University Press 2009
- ↑ "gravel." Noah Webster's 1828 American Dictionary of the English Language. 2015. http://1828.mshaffer.com/d/word/gravel (8 January 2015)
- ↑ "Gravel, n." def. 1. Whitney, William Dwight. The Century Dictionary; an Encyclopedic Lexicon of the English Language,. Vol. 3. New York: Century, 1889. 2607. Print.
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ C.Michael Hogan. 2010. Abiotic factor. Encyclopedia of Earth. eds Emily Monosson and C. Cleveland. National Council for Science and the Environment Template:Webarchive. Washington DC
External links
Template:Geotechnical engineering
Usage in competitive
| 4v4 | 6v6 | Highlander | ||||||||||||
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 UGC
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UGC
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 ETF2L
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 ESEA
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 ozfortress
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 AsiaFortress
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UGC
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ETF2L
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| cp_gravelpit | Season 1 | Season 14 | Season 12 | Season 14 | Season 10 | Season 6 | Season 12 | Season 9 | ||||||
| Season 13 | Season 11 | Season 13 | Season 9 | Season 4 | Season 11 | Season 8 | ||||||||
| Season 11 | Season 10 | Season 12 | Season 8 | Season 3 | Season 8 | Season 7 | ||||||||
| Season 10 | Season 9 | Season 11 | Season 7 | Season 1 | Season 6 | Season 6 | ||||||||
| Season 9 | Season 8 | Season 10 | Season 6 | Season 5 | Season 5 | |||||||||
| Season 8 | Season 7 | Season 9 | Season 5 | Season 4 | Season 4 | |||||||||
| Season 7 | Season 6 | Season 8 | Season 4 | Season 3 | Season 3 | |||||||||
| Season 6 | Season 5 | Season 7 | Season 3 | Season 2 | Season 1 | |||||||||
| Season 5 | Season 4 | Season 6 | Season 2 | Season 1 | ||||||||||
| Season 4 | Season 3 | Season 5 | Season 1 | |||||||||||
| Season 3 | Season 2 | Season 4 | ||||||||||||
| Season 2 | Season 1 | Season 3 | ||||||||||||
| Season 1 | Season 2 | |||||||||||||
| Total inclusions | 1 out of 28 | 13 out of 41 | 12 out of 46 | 13 out of 30 | 10 out of 38 | 4 out of 21 | 9 out of 39 | 8 out of 30 | ||||||
| Official map | |
Locations
Point A
| Gravel Pit — Point A |
|---|
A-B connector Left Right A-C connector Window |
Point B
| Gravel Pit — Point B |
|---|
C-B left connector C-B right connector / Fence A-B connector Shed Short Shadow side Rampside Long Rock |
Point C
| Gravel Pit — Point C |
|---|
Tower 3 / Main 4 2 / Tires 5 1 Lower Back right ramp Back left ramp |
.jpg){kind=link}