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| − | {{ | + | [[File:Zaprice One cell granary 03.JPG|thumb|A simple granary]] |
| − | | | + | [[File:Chest and Lid with Model Granaries.jpg|thumb|[[Ancient Greek]] [[geometric art]] box in the shape of granaries, 850 BC. On display in the Ancient Agora Museum in Athens, housed in the [[Stoa of Attalos]].]] |
| − | | | + | [[File:Leuit os 080815-2283 srna.jpg|thumb|right|Leuit, [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]] traditional granary, in [[West Java]], Indonesia.]] |
| − | | | + | [[File:Kashan granary Barry Kent.JPG|thumb|Granary in [[Kashan]], Iran]] |
| + | [[File:Bydgoszcz Spichrze.jpg|thumb|A big granary in [[Bydgoszcz]], Poland, on the [[Brda (river)|Brda river]].]] | ||
| + | <!---rather obsolete [[File:Kaufhaus 1897.jpg|thumb|Former Granary in Zürich, Switzerland (1897)]] ---> | ||
| + | {{about|granaries in general|the [[Bristol]] granary|Granary, Bristol|the record label|Granary Music}} | ||
| + | {{lead too short|date=December 2015}} | ||
| + | A '''granary''' is a storehouse or room in a [[barn]] for [[threshing|threshed]] [[cereal|grain]] or [[compound feed|animal feed]]. Ancient or primitive granaries are most often made out of [[pottery]]. Granaries are often built above the ground to keep the stored food away from mice and other animals. | ||
| − | | | + | ==Early origins== |
| − | | | + | From ancient times grain has been stored in bulk. The oldest granaries yet found date back to [[10th millennium BC|9500 BC]]<ref name="PNAS09">{{Cite journal | date=Jun 2009 | pages = 10966–10970| issn = 0027-8424| last1 = Kuijt | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0812764106 | pmc = 2700141 | pmid = 19549877| issue = 27 | volume = 106 | title = Evidence for food storage and predomestication granaries 11,000 years ago in the Jordan Valley | first2 = B.| url = http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=19549877 | format = Free full text | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America| last2 = Finlayson| first1 = I.|bibcode = 2009PNAS..10610966K }}</ref> and are located in the [[Pre-Pottery Neolithic A]] settlements in the [[Jordan River|Jordan Valley]]. The first were located in places between other buildings. However beginning around [[9th millennium BC|8500 BC]], they were moved inside houses, and by [[8th millennium BC|7500 BC]] storage occurred in special rooms.<ref name="PNAS09"/> The first granaries measured 3 x 3 m on the outside and had suspended floors that protected the grain from rodents and insects and provided air circulation.<ref name="PNAS09"/> |
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| − | | | + | These granaries are followed by those in [[Mehrgarh]] in the [[Indus Valley]] from 6000 BC. The [[ancient Egypt]]ians made a practice of preserving grain in years of plenty against years of scarcity. The climate of Egypt being very dry, grain could be stored in pits for a long time without discernible loss of quality. The silo pit, as it has been termed, has been a favorite way of storing grain from time immemorial in all oriental lands{{clarifyme|date=May 2016}}. In Turkey and Persia, [[usurer]]s used to buy up [[wheat]] or [[barley]] when comparatively cheap, and store it in hidden pits against seasons of dearth. In Malta a relatively large stock of wheat was preserved in some hundreds of pits (silos) cut in the rock. A single silo stored from 60 to 80 tons of wheat, which, with proper precautions, kept in good condition for four years or more. |
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| − | + | ==East Asia== | |
| − | + | [[File:Han Dynasty Granary west of Dunhuang.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Han dynasty]] granary on [[Silk Road]] west of [[Dunhuang]]]] | |
| − | + | Simple storage granaries raised up on four or more posts appeared in the [[Yangshao culture]] in China and after the onset of intensive agriculture in the Korean peninsula during the [[Mumun pottery period]] (c. 1000 B.C.) as well as in the Japanese archipelago during the Final [[Jōmon]]/Early [[Yayoi period]]s (c. 800 B.C.). In the archaeological vernacular of Northeast Asia, these features are lumped with those that may have also functioned as residences and together are called 'raised floor buildings'. | |
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| − | + | ==Southeast Asia== | |
| − | + | In [[Indonesian architecture|vernacular architecture]] of [[Indonesia|Indonesian archipelago]] granaries are made of wood and bamboo materials and most of them are built raised up on four or more posts to avoid rodents and insects. Examples of Indonesian granary is [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]] ''leuit'' and [[Minangkabau people|Minang]] ''[[rangkiang]]''. | |
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| − | + | ==Great Britain== | |
| + | In Great Britain small granaries were built on [[mushroom]] shaped stumps called [[staddle stones]]. They were built of timber frame construction and often had slate roofs. Larger ones were similar to [[linhay]]s, but with the upper floor enclosed. Access to the first floor was usually via stone staircase on the outside wall.<ref>http://www.southhams.gov.uk/index/business_index/ksp_development_and_planning/ksp-development_and_planning-conservation/sp-development_and_planning-barnguide.htm The Barn Guide by South Hams District Council</ref> | ||
| − | + | Towards the close of the 19th century, warehouses specially intended for holding grain began to multiply in Great Britain. There are climatic difficulties in the way of storing grain in Great Britain on a large scale, but these difficulties have been largely overcome. | |
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| − | + | ==Modern== | |
| + | [[File:Shelby County, Iowa. These granaries are located near Irwin Village, and much of the corn which is n . . . - NARA - 522350.jpg|thumb|Modern steel granaries in the United States]] | ||
| + | Modern grain farming operations often use manufactured steel granaries to store grain on-site until it can be trucked to major storage facilities in anticipation of shipping. The large ''mechanized'' facilities, particularly seen in Russia and North America are known as [[grain elevator]]s. | ||
| + | [[File:Port Perry grain mill and elevator circa 1930.jpg|thumb|The Port Perry mill and grain elevator, granary circa 1930. Originally built in 1873, the building remains a major landmark to this day as the oldest in Canada. The original line of the PW&PP Railway can be seen in the foreground.]] | ||
| − | == | + | == Moisture control == |
| − | + | Grain must be kept away from moisture for as long as possible to preserve it in good condition and prevent [[molds|mold growth]]. Newly harvested grain brought into a granary tends to contain excess moisture, which encourages mold growth leading to fermentation and heating, both of which are undesirable and affect quality. Fermentation generally spoils grain and may cause chemical changes that create poisonous [[mycotoxins]]. | |
| − | + | One traditional remedy is to spread the grain in thin layers on a floor, where it is turned to aerate it thoroughly. Once the grain is sufficiently dry it can be transferred to a granary for storage. A modern variation on this, is to use a grain auger to move grain stored in one grainery to another. | |
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| − | + | In modern silos, grain is typically force-aerated ''in situ'' or circulated through external [[grain drying]] equipment. | |
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| − | == | + | ==See also== |
| − | + | *[[Hórreo]] | |
| − | + | *[[Raccard]] | |
| − | + | *[[Storage silo]] | |
| − | + | *[[Staddle stones]] Used to lift granaries off the ground to prevent access by vermin, etc. | |
| − | + | *[[Corn crib]] | |
| − | + | *[[Groote Schuur]], the stately South African home was originally a granary. | |
| − | + | *[[Rice barn]] | |
| − | + | *[[Treppenspeicher]] | |
| − | + | *[[Ghorfa]] | |
| − | + | *[[Parish granary]] | |
| − | + | *[[Port Perry]] | |
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| − | == | + | == References == |
| − | + | {{reflist}} | |
| − | {{ | + | {{1911}} |
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| + | {{wiktionary}} | ||
| + | {{commons category|Granaries}} | ||
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| + | {{Prehistoric technology}} | ||
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| + | [[Category:Granaries| ]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Containers]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Vernacular architecture]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Grain production]] | ||
